jueves, 21 de mayo de 2009

Colonias Griegas




Causas generales [editar]

La sténochôria [editar]
Los textos griegos evocan la sténochôria como causa principal de la colonización. La palabra griega sténochôria significa « estrechez de tierras »; había un déficit grave de tierras explotables en Grecia, las llanuras cultivables eran muy estrechas, bloqueadas entre el mar y la montaña.
La única solución a largo plazo era la salida de una parte importante de la población, a fin de aliviar la presión demográfica.

Los conflictos internos [editar]
Stasis se llama a toda crisis interior, que conduce hasta la guerra civil. La colonización es una manera de evitar una guerra civil, del grupo que se halla en minoría fundando un nueva ciudad. No se trata forzosamente de un conflicto entre la aristocracia y el pueblo, sino sobre todo de las luchas por el poder entre grupos aristocráticos, o de una posición en el interior del grupo dirigente, como es por ejemplo en Corinto (véase Baquiadas).
Los colonos tienen el deseo de fundar una ciudad ideal. Esta decisión no se toma más que en una situación de extrema gravedad.

Las motivaciones comerciales [editar]
El aprovisionamiento de la ciudad es una necesidad vital para la metrópolis, sin embargo, la realidad sobre las motivaciones comerciales es bastante compleja.
Las motivaciones no son siempre seguras, puesto que no se conoce siempre la situación de la metrópolis. Además, el volumen de intercambios entre la colonia y la métropoli era a menudo insuficiente para hacer vivir a la colonia. Las colonias griegas fundadas por razones comerciales son bastante raras: se puede citar las cleruquías de Atenas o Naucratis.

Condiciones y momentos de la partida [editar]
La partida de los colonos es siempre un momento de desgarro social. La colonia que era fundada para evitar a la ciudad una hambruna, no es entendida más que, a partir del momento en el que los colonos abandonaban la ciudad, ellos perdían el derecho a regresar. La metrópolis no les aportaba ninguna asistencia. El cuerpo cívico sufría una verdadera amputación entre una décima y una cuarta parte de la población partía, sin esperanza de regresar.

La decisión y los actores [editar]
Una colonia no se fundaba a título privado (salvo raras excepciones), sino que resulta de una decisión tomada por la ciudad,
Para la fundación de una colonia, se presenta primeramente un proyecto a la asamblea. En caso de acuerdo el consejo aristocrático toma a su cargo la elección de las modalidades y las medidas concretas para designar quien va a partir.
Hay que designar, entonces, un jefe de la expedición, llamado oikiste, lo más a menudo elegido entre la aristocracia. El oikiste elegía el nombre y el lugar preciso del nuevo establecimiento. una vez han llegado, establece y dota a la colonia de un sistema defensivo.
En el marco del pensamiento mítico donde se otorga una parte importante a los dioses, las ciudades tienen necesidad de una sanción divina que sirva para confortar las decisiones humanas; la fundación de una colonia era arriesgada, y suscitaba el dolor entre los que debían partir, sin esperanza de regresar, y los que se quedaban. Se tiene la costumbre de ir a consultar el oráculo de Apolo de Delfos. El oráculo da una orientación geográfica general y da su consejo sobre un proyecto elaborado por la ciudad.

Tutankamon


Was an Egyptian Pharaoh of the Eighteenth dynasty (ruled 1333 BC – 1324 BC in the conventional chronology), during the period of Egyptian history known as the New Kingdom. His original name, Tutankhaten, means "Living Image of Aten", while Tutankhamun means "Living Image of Amun". Often the name Tutankhamun was written Amen-tut-ankh, meaning "living image of Amun", due to scribal custom which most often placed the divine name at the beginning of the phrase in order to honor the divine being. [2] He is possibly also the Nibhurrereya of the Amarna letters. He was likely the eighteenth dynasty king 'Rathotis', who according to Manetho, an ancient historian, had reigned for nine years - a figure which conforms with Flavius Josephus' version of Manetho's Epitome.[3]
The 1922 discovery by Howard Carter of Tutankhamun's intact tomb received worldwide press coverage and sparked a renewed public interest in ancient Egypt, for which Tutankhamun's burial mask remains the popular face.
[edit] Significance
Tutankhamun was nine years old when he became pharaoh and reigned for approximately ten years. In historical terms, Tutankhamun's significance stems from his rejection of the radical religious innovations introduced by his predecessor Akhenaten[4] and that his tomb in the Valley of the Kings was discovered by Carter almost completely intact — the most complete Ancient Egyptian tomb ever found. As Tutankhamun began his reign at such an early age, his vizier and eventual successor Ay was probably making most of the important political decisions during Tutankhamun's reign.

[edit] Parentage and lineage
Tutankhamun's parentage is uncertain. An inscription calls him a king's son, but it is not clear which king was meant.
He was originally thought to be a son of Amenhotep III and his Great Royal Wife Queen Tiye. Later research claimed that he may have been a son of Amenhotep III, although not by Queen Tiye, since Tiye would have been more than fifty years old at the time of Tutankhamun's birth.
At present, the most common hypothesis holds that Tutankhamun was the son of Akhenaten, also known as Amenhotep IV, and his minor wife Queen Kiya. Queen Kiya's title was "Greatly Beloved Wife of Akhenaten" so it is possible that she could have borne him an heir. Supporting this theory, images on the tomb wall in the tomb of Akhenaten show a royal fan bearer standing next to Kiya's death bed, fanning someone who is either a princess or more likely, a wet nurse holding a baby, considered to be the wet nurse and the boy, king-to-be.
Professor James Allen argues that Tutankhamun was more likely to be a son of the short-lived king Smenkhkare rather than Akhenaten. Allen argues that Akhenaten consciously chose a female co-regent named Neferneferuaten as his successor, rather than Tutankhamun, which would have been unlikely if the latter had been his son.[5]
Another theory is that Tutankhamun was the son of Smenkhkare and Meritaten (one of the six daughters of Akhenaten and Nefertiti)[6]. Smenkhkare appears when Akhenaten entered year 14 of his reign and it is thought that during this time Meritaten married Smenkhkare. Smenkhkare, as the father of Tutankhamun, needed at least a three year reign to bring Tutankhamun to the right age to have inherited the throne. However, if there had been lengthy co-regency between Amenhotep III and Akhenaten, Amenhotep definitely could be Tutankhamun's father.[6]
Tutankhamun was married to Ankhesenpaaten (possibly his aunt, since Ankhesenpaaten is unequivocally recorded as another of the six daughters of Akhenaten and Nefertiti), and after the re-establishment of the traditional Egyptian religion the couple changed the –aten ending of their names to the –amun ending, becoming Ankhesenamun and Tutankhamun. It is assumed they had two children, both girls, whose mummies were discovered in Tutankhamun's tomb - they both died as babies, and medical evidence suggests they may have been stillborn. DNA testing began in August 2008 on the two fetuses to determine whether they were indeed his children or not.[7]

[edit] Reign

Cartouches of his birth and throne names are displayed between rampant Sekhmet lioness warrior images (perhaps with his head) crushing enemies of several ethnicities, while Nekhbet flies protectively above
During Tutankhamun's reign, Akhenaten's Amarna revolution (Atenism) was being reversed. Akhenaten had attempted to supplant the traditional priesthood and deities with a god who was until then considered minor, Aten. In Year 3 of Tutankhamnen's reign (1331), when he was probably about 11, and under the influence of two older advisors (Akhenaten's vizier Ay and perhaps Nefertiti), the ban on the old pantheon of deities and their temples was lifted, the traditional privileges were restored to their priesthoods, and the capital was moved back to Thebes.
A stela erected in the temple at Karnak describes the pharaoh's perception of the changes brought about by Ahkenaten and the reasons for his restorations:
The temples of the gods and goddesses ... were in ruins. Their shrines were deserted and overgrown. Their sanctuaries were as non-existent and their courts were used as roads ... the gods turned their backs upon this land ... If anyone made a prayer to a god for advice he would never respond – and the same applied to a goddess.[8]
The young pharaoh adopted the name Tutankhamun, changing it from his birth name Tutankhaten. Because of his age at the time responsibility for these decisions can be attributed to his advisors. King Tutankhamun restored all of the traditional deities, and restored order to the chaos created by his uncle Akhenaten. In addition, temples devoted to Amun-Ra were built during this period. Although Tutankhamun's wooden box depicts him going to war against Hittites and Nubians, and he is shown wearing the blue war crown, it is doubtful that he ever went to war since scrutiny of the period's extensive written evidence does not yield records of him participating in any wars or battles.

Pendant from Tutankhamun's tomb

[edit] Events following Tutankhamun's death
Main article: Dakhamunzu
In a letter (preserved in Hittite annals) to the Hittite king Suppiluliuma I a recently widowed queen of Egypt named Dakhamunzu asks for one of Suppiluliuma's sons as a husband. The royal lineage of Egypt was carried by its women. Marriage to a woman of the royal line was essential for a male pharaoh, even if he came from outside the lineage. Suspicious of this good fortune, Suppiluliumas I first sent a messenger to make inquiries about the truth of the queen's story. After receiving reports that the situation was as related he sent his son, Zannanza, accepting Dakhamunzu's offer. However, Zannanza got no further than the border before he was killed, according to the Hittite archives. Ankhesenamun is one of the possible candidates to be identified as this queen. If this identification is correct, and if Zannanza's death was a strategic murder, it was probably at the orders of either Horemheb or Ay, who both had the opportunity and the motive to kill him.

Mesopotamia

Mesopotamia esa una zona muy fertil ya que se encuentra entre dos rios de hacen de esta zona una muy buena para vivir. LA situacion le hace estar subido en una meseta que hace que el tiempo allí sea muy seco. Sus recursos eran altos pero no eran muy exoticos.
En mi opinion esa zona no es muy humeda y ami el calor no me gusta.

Relieve De Egipto

Relieve de Egipto

El relieve de egipto es muy peculiar ya que se encuentra en el desierto pero al pasar el nilo por mitad de este hace que la zona de extension egipcia sea mayor de lo que parece. A demásen alguna zonas se encuentran oasis.
La zona del delta del Nilo es una zona muy fertil y adecuada para vivir. La altitud de egipto nes bastante baja ya que la rivera del Nilo hace bajar el terreno.
Despues de la conquista la zona de Israel es muy fertil ya que su cercania al mar la hace que esa zona sea intentada de conquistar.